Project Image Pool

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Terms of use: The pictures on this site originate from the projects in the frame of the programmes City of Tomorrow, Building of Tomorrow and the IEA Research Cooperation. They may be used credited for non-commercial purposes under the Creative Commons License Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC).

Development of technology specific indicators

Concept of energy-economic evaluations with the key figure "Cost Reduction Gradient" (CRG) in €/(MWh·°C)

LIDAR with off-grid power supply

LIDAR in operation with an off-grid power supply consisting of photovoltaic, fuel cell and battery-storage. (IEA Wind Task 32, 2016-2019)

Daily performance ratio of the testmodules (temperature corrected)

Plot from the daily Performance ratio coefficients of the round robin tests ring

LIDAR measurement device commissioning

Commissioning of a LIDAR measurement device at a complex, alpine site with an altitude of 1,900m. (IEA Wind Task 32, 2016-2019)

Maximum supply temperature as a function of heat capacity

The graphic shows the maximum supply temperature of high-temperature heat pump technologies from different manufacturers as a function of the heat capacity. More information on the individual technologies is published on the IEA HPT Annex 58 website (https://heatpumpingtechnologies.org/annex58/task1/).

General comparison between steam generation with natural gas-fired boilers and heat pump technologies

The graphic shows conventional steam generation with natural gas-fired boilers compared to steam generation with heat pump technologies. In steam generation with natural gas-fired boilers, the steam is generated at least at the highest pressure level needed in the production process and then expanded to lower pressure levels. In comparison, when generating steam with a heat pump, it is advantageous if only the amount of steam required at the corresponding pressure level is also generated at this pressure level. Expansion to a lower temperature level should be avoided when using heat pumps. More information on steam generation with heat pumps can be found in the IEA HPT Annex 58 Task 2 report (https://heatpumpingtechnologies.org/annex58/task-2-integration-concepts/).

Different integration levels of high-temperature heat pumps and their effects

The graphic shows various levels at which the integration of a high-temperature heat pump can take place, as well as the effects. A more detailed description can be found in the Task 3 report of the IEA HPT Annex 58 and in the guideline for the development of a decarbonization strategy (https://heatpumpingtechnologies.org/annex58/task-3/).

Connections in the development of a decarbonization strategy

The graphic shows different parts and influencing factors in the development of a decarbonization strategy for an industrial company. More information can be found in the Task 3 report of the IEA HPT Annex 58 (https://heatpumpingtechnologies.org/annex58/task-3/).

Comparison of component manufacturing costs for fuel cells currently and in the future

The cost analysis is based on sales of 100,000 Fuel Cell systems per year. With current technologies, up to $73/kW can be achieved, with future technologies up to $60/kW in 2030. The greatest reduction potential of minus 33% is in the Fuel Cell stack.

Comparison of battery-electric/hydrogen-based propulsion for heavy-duty commercial vehicles.

The reduced loading capacity of BEVs due to the high battery weight leads to a doubling of traffic for the same load to be transported. This results in higher energy consumption overall, despite the higher efficiency of the BEV single vehicle.

Analysis comparing different drive options and the break-even point of TCO costs.

The general trend shows that FC propulsion is competitive with FCEV and BEV in terms of TCO costs in all vehicle categories from 2030. From 2040, similar TCO costs are expected for both FCEV and BEV in all vehicle categories.

Technology Readiness Level, TRL, of various mobile applications of fuel cell systems.

In the aerospace sector, industrial trucks, cars and buses, TRLs of between 7.5 and 9 can be achieved. Light commercial vehicles, two-wheelers and trains achieve a TRL between 6.5 and 7, and aviation and shipping a TRL of 5.5.

t/h diagrams of the refrigerants R290 and R410A

The comparison of the t/h diagrams of the refrigerants R410A and R290 shown in the figure shows the higher evaporation enthalpy of R290 and the difference in the critical temperatures.

Volumetric cooling capacity of the refrigerants R290 and R410A

The figure shows the volumetric cooling capacity of R290 and R410A as a function of the dew point temperature.

Scope of Resilience Definition

This figure illustrates the chosen framework for assessing the resilience of buildings. The definition focuses on building scale, with consideration of heat waves and power outages for a period of the next 100 years.

Example of Façade-integrated Shading - Masdar City, United Arab Emirates

This illustration shows solar shading. The image was taken in the experimental " ecological city" of Masdar City, United Arab Emirates.

Example of a green façade on a Viennese Apartment Building

This illustration shows an example of a green façade on a Viennese Apartment Building

Example of solar shading of a public walkway in Dubai, United Arab Emirates

This illustration shows solar shading of an open public space in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Group photo of the IEA HPT Annex 51 team

Group photo of the IEA HPT Annex 51 team at the kickoff meeting at AIT in Vienna from 20-21 June 2017.

Time evolution of sound power level and radiation pattern

(left) Time-dependent A-weighted sound power level (in octave bands) between two de-frosting phases. (right) Directivity for the A-weighted total sound pressure level at a height of 75 cm.